Do Not Let Diabetes Stop You From Exercising!
By: Jessica Lime and the Ageility Team
Type 1 diabetes
This type of diabetes can develop in any age group. However, it is most common to appear in our adolescent years. Type 1 diabetes is when your body produces little to no insulin, caused from a cellular-mediated autoimmune dysfunction of the B-cells within the pancreas1. The CDC indicated that roughly 1.6 million Americans have Type 1 diabetes 2. The typical treatment is daily insulin injections to regulate glucose levels throughout the day.
Type 2 diabetes
This type of diabetes is more common for adults. Type 2 diabetes results when your body does not utilize the insulin it produces properly. The main way to treat this condition is to follow healthy lifestyle changes, by increasing daily activity and maintaining a well-balanced diet. However, this does not resolve all cases and some individuals may still require insulin injections or oral medications to regulate glucose.
Benefits of exercising with diabetes
Staying fit and active throughout your life has many benefits. The biggest benefit of exercise for individuals with diabetes is helping to regulate insulin and preventing long-term complications. Exercise helps increase insulin sensitivity, which means your body does not need as much insulin to process carbohydrates. All forms of exercise such as aerobic (cardio) training, strength/resistance training, high intensity interval training (HIIT), etc. are equally beneficial when it comes to lowering HbA1c levels1.
Types of exercise
In individuals with Type 1 diabetes, aerobic training increases cardiorespiratory fitness, improves lipid levels, improves endothelial levels, and decreases insulin resistance1. In individuals with Type 2 diabetes, regular aerobic training reduces A1c, blood pressure, insulin resistance and triglycerides1. Also, high intensity interval training (HIIT) can be performed by individuals with Type 1 diabetes without diminishing glycemic control; and it can also increase glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes1. Balance exercises are especially beneficial for individuals that have limited range of motion in the joints which forms due to glycation end products that occur with aging and further increase due to hyperglycemia1. Group exercise classes such as strength training, balance training, resistance training, and yoga/tai chi training are beneficial for fall prevention, but also increase posture, stability, neuropathic system, glycemic control, mood and overall health for Type 2 diabetes.
Physical activity and Type 1 diabetes
Recommendation from the American Diabetes Association
- Monitor glucose regularly during physical activity to avoid hypoglycemic reaction.
- Carbohydrate or insulin reduction is typically required to maintain glycemic balance throughout or after exercise. Again, be sure to monitor regularly to find a pattern of when to adjust carbohydrates or insulin.
- Blood glucose responses to physical activity in all people with Type 1 diabetes are highly variable based on activity type/timing and require different adjustments.
Physical activity and type 2 diabetes
Recommendation from the American Diabetes Association
- Exercise daily to increase insulin production and balance.
- Perform both aerobic and resistance training to regulate glycemic index and overall health
- Individuals with diabetes or prediabetes are encouraged to increase their total daily incidental (non-exercise) physical activity to gain additional health benefits.
Physical recommendations for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Recommendation from the American Diabetes Association
- Most adults with diabetes should engage in 150 min or more of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity weekly, spread over at least 3 days/week, with no more than 2 consecutive days without activity. Shorter durations (minimum 75 min/week) of vigorous-intensity or interval training may be sufficient for more physically fit individuals
- Adults with diabetes should engage in 2–3 sessions/week of resistance exercise on non-consecutive days.
- Flexibility training and balance training are recommended 2–3 times/week for older adults with diabetes. Yoga and tai chi may be included based on individual preferences to increase flexibility, muscular strength, and balance.
Exercise is extremely beneficial for someone who is diagnosed with diabetes, and often it is a management strategy for Type 2 diabetes. Exercising for those with Type 1 diabetes helps them reach their lipid target and glycemic goals. However, Type 1 individuals need to be more diligent about checking their glucose levels regularly during exercise and adjust accordingly. Always consult with your physician before participating in any new activity and make sure your monitor is appropriate for the chosen exercise or activity.
References:
1) Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 39(11), 2065–2079. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728
2) Kirwan, J. P., Sacks, J., & Nieuwoudt, S. (2017). The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 84(7 Suppl 1), S15–S21. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.03
- Published in Get In Shape With Ageility
“Joy on the Track” August 2020 Athlete of the Month
Joy Upshaw, 60, Walnut Creek, California
It’s great to win a gold medal, and special when you achieve a record for the best performance in your age and event. But it’s extraordinary when your record surpasses a legend and personal inspiration, as Joy Upshaw experienced in 2019.
Even though she was at the top of her 55-59 age group, Joy scorched the track at the 2019 National Senior Games presented by Humana, setting National Senior Games all-time records in the 50M (7.22), 100M (13.32) and 200M (27.71) races in Albuquerque. What is significant is that in breaking the 100M and 200M, she surpassed the great Phillipa “Phil” Raschker, who set dozens of NSGA and many world masters records between 1983 and 2013. Phil was so dominant that she was the first athlete over 35 to ever be a finalist for the Sullivan Award given each year for the best overall athlete, and she was nominated for that honor twice.
Joy was humbled by the achievement. “When I was coming up Phil’s name was all over the place, and I have big respect for her,” she says. “I would see her and say hello at meets, and then when I started to break some of her records, I would tell her how high she had set the bar and how hard I have to work to hope to do better.”
The sizzling 2019 performance was no fluke, as Joy has always excelled in track & field, pursuing a career as a prep school and college coach (including the University of California at Berkeley) while continuing to compete as a masters athlete since age 30. The certified coach helps with meets and currently works with her Joy’s Jackrabbits Track Club, which includes more than 20 elite masters-level athletes from the San Francisco Bay Area & beyond.
Joy’s family pedigree is impressive. Her father, Monte Upshaw, broke Jesse Owens’ national high school long jump record in 1954, and her younger sister, Grace Upshaw, competed in long jump for the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games. Two other siblings also competed in college. Joy’s own resume includes many wins and records at USA Masters and international track and field competitions. She holds several American records and has held the indoor world record in the Long Jump, 200m and 60m hurdles.
But some records stand out, and Joy says her perspective has evolved to appreciate every aspect of her involvement. “When I was younger, Phil Rashker gave me advice by telling me that ‘every new year is a new P.R. [personal record] year.’ At first I didn’t get it, but now I know it’s true! Sometimes we can have better times due to being not as injured as the year before, but we have to embrace the fact that every year we are getting older. I have to compete for my best time for this year and not compare it with the last. I’m into the ‘now’ now,” she explains.
“It’s fun to win, but it’s also about being with friends and challenging yourself,” Joy continues. “If I come in second or third, but I did my best time, I’m so happy. And it’s all a matter of balance. I don’t work out every day, and recovery time is huge no matter what level you are.”
Joy also finds hope and motivation for the future from elder track heroes, mentioning Kathy Bergen, Christel Donley, Elsbeth Padia and Flo Meiler as longtime competitors she looks up to. “I have the utmost respect for their athleticism and how they keep going. They are my inspiration, but they’re also making it so hard for me in the future!”
2019 was Joy’s debut in National Senior Games, but it won’t be her last. “The whole environment was great,” she recalls. “It was a real eye-opener seeing all the sports and athletes there, and the people were terrific!”
- Published in Athlete of the Month


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